月度归档： 2020年9月

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创业聚光灯 Vol.3：专家为你划重点，初创公司如何做好财务管理

 创业聚光灯 Makeable Spotlight 

由专注于提供可持续创新创业服务的线上平台 Makeable 倾情推出，旨在聚焦创业者所关注的、正经历的、想探索的创业过程中的实际问题，以期为可持续发展领域的创业者和未来创业者提供创业指导和支持，在全国范围内激荡起可持续发展的脉动。

 
财务管理是在一定的整体目标下，关于资产的购置（投资），资本的融通（筹资）和经营中现金流量（营运资金），以及利润分配的管理。财务管理是企业管理的一个组成部分，它是根据财经法规制度，按照财务管理的原则，组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。简单的说，财务管理是组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。
 
但对创业公司而言，一方面财务活动随时都在发生，与公司日常经营、发展甚至生存息息相关；另一方面，创业公司受限于人力、财力等因素，无法完全参照成熟公司的体系模板。本期“创业聚光灯”，我们邀请了资深专家导师，为创业者划下重点：
  • 初创企业如何做财务预测和财务规划？
  • 初创企业如何做好成本费用核算？
  • 融资前，要做哪些财务准备？
  • ……


本 期 导 师

朱  良

 

上海泰成投资管理事务所

 

 

本场活动的导师朱良先生自2004年开始从事科技咨询行业，2009年创办上海泰成投资管理事务所，带领团队年服务企业百家以上，担任上海市中小企业服务中心创业导师。擅长中小企业商业模式探索，结合最新科技税收政策，为中小科技企业最大限度获得政策及融资支持提供辅导。 

 

担任多类别项目评审会评审委员。持续多年为漕河泾创新创业园、奇士科技园、国民新能源基地、杨浦科技创业中心等多家国家级和市级科技园区提供创业 服务及公益性政策培训。截至目前辅导企业中2家主板上市，3家 IPO，5家挂牌新三板并先后定增成功。最长辅导的一家企业达11年。 



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本次活动支持单位

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深度报告 | SDGs 视角下的创新创业机遇: 女性经济

可持续发展目标（SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals），是联合国在2015年通过的针对2016年至2030年的可持续发展议程，其核心为17个可持续发展目标。
我们从《中国落实2030年可持续发展议程进展报告2019》（简称《进展报告》）中提取了5个关键领域——乡村振兴、绿色发展、教育普惠、民生保障、女性经济，与大家共同探讨创新创业的新机遇。
本篇作为这个系列的第五篇，将着眼于女性经济的进展和机遇。

 
根据《进展报告》，“女性经济”的概念在不同的 SDGs 中均有体现，涵盖了妇女儿童权益和性别平等重要领域。
女性经济围绕 SDG 3 展开的重点工作内容强调关注妇女与儿童的各项权益，包括生存权、健康权和发展权。如何保障女性在生育期间的健康安全是衡量社会健康福祉的重要指标。

2015年至2018年，我国孕产妇死亡率大大降低，由20.1/10万下降至18.3/10万，同时，婴儿的死亡率也同比由8.1‰降至6.1‰。2018年农村和城市孕产妇的死亡率数据大幅度下降，并且城乡和地区的数据差距持续缩小。

经济性别平等一直是近来的热点话题，社会各阶层均对这一话题提出了探讨和观点。如何保障女性的就业创业和教育健康权利，特别是如何保障女性在社会中获得平等的经济权力和生存发展，鼓励和支持女性自主创业，是女性经济围绕 SDG 5 的重点工作内容。

截至2018年底，全国累计发放女性创业担保贷款3838亿元，帮助了657万女性创业，累计培训贫困女性830万人，实现了415万的贫困增收；同时，在生育技术服务质量也实现了显著提高，2018年全国孕产妇住院分娩率达99.9%，2015至2019年共为4000多万农村女性进行宫颈癌免费筛查，为800完农村女性进行了乳腺癌免费筛查。

根据《进展报告》，“女性经济”的概念在不同的 SDGs 中均有体现，涵盖了妇女儿童权益和性别平等重要领域

 

1 健康服务创新

女性健康的保障是实现女性经济发展的重要前提。随着近年来宫颈癌、乳腺癌等与女性健康相关的医学知识普及，人们对该类病情的防控和相关疫苗的关注也越来越高。初创者们可以考虑从健康知识的普及推广、医疗药物研发、后期门诊服务创新与预防等方面把握创新创业机遇。

2 母婴健康保障

母婴健康通常与女性经济环环相扣，保障孕产妇和新生儿的健康能够进一步促进女性经济的发展。如今，随着科技的发展，出现了越来越多母婴健康教育上的创新，在该领域有相关经验和资源的创业者们，可以考虑从全产业链的角度入手，建立 O2O 的教学、购物、社群一体化的网络平台，更高效的完善母婴健康保障。

3 女性就业创业机遇

国家大力支持和促进女性就业，特别是针对农村地区。结合当下的互联网消费趋势，创业者们可以考虑进军农村，与当地女性群体进行合作，通过开设网店、运营电商等互联网渠道，拓宽其农产品售卖渠道，进一步实现农商户与消费者之间桥梁的搭建，与此同时，也帮助了更多的农村女性实现就业。

 
以上，是我们基于《进展报告》和国家文件的分析，对“女性经济”相关的创新创业机遇进行的挖掘和思考，也是深度报告系列的最后一篇。

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TECH+TREND | Have you heard of these Circular Economy applications?

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01 CIRCULAR ECONOMY

1.1 A Sustainable Lithium Battery Storage Ecosystem

Renewable energy is the cornerstone when we try to ‘Build Back Better’ after the pandemic. But due to their intermittency, renewable energy technologies need the support of battery storage for when the sun isn’t shining, and the wind isn’t blowing.

Battery storage is vital. However, the lithium-ion or lead-acid batteries traditionally employed are usually welded or glued together, making individual components difficult to replace. If one part fails, the whole battery is usually thrown away – often with more than 80% of its potential life left unused.

We can gain a lot of benefits by applying the circular economy model to the lithium battery. By being able to repair, repurpose and reuse the components within the battery pack prior to recycling, it is possible to maintain and service batteries rather than replace them, reducing both waste and cost over time

Source：energy-storage.news
What’s more, circular economy batteries also support the green jobs sector. The UK Chancellor, Rishi Sunak, has recently called for a ‘green jobs revolution’ to spearhead the country’s economic recovery. Fostering battery repair specialists in the same way that the repair garage sector works for vehicles, would support the growth of a skilled employment market centred around energy and clean technology.
 
By utilising innovative solutions like circular economy batteries, we can support the creation of an energy industry that delivers accessible, clean and reliable energy, supports the creation of green jobs and doesn’t exacerbate future waste. 
 
Source: www.energy-storage.news
1.2 Circular Economy Furniture Startup Designs its Couches for Rental and Reuse

Around 12 million tons of furniture ends up in landfills in the U.S. each year. A startup called Feather wants to change that by shifting ownership: instead of selling furniture, the company rents it out. When someone moves or wants a different sofa, he or she can send it back, and the company will clean and repair the furniture and rent it to someone else.

Source: Sustainability Google
All products are designed to be as durable as possible, and easy to clean or repair. Instead of a glossy finish on wood components, for example, the designers chose a natural finish so scratches can be buffed out. And some components use a powder coating so they can be touched up. Fitted fabric covers for easy replacement, sofa legs that work on different models for simple stocking, and rug made from recycled PET bottles for easy cleaning are all examples of their circular economy design application.
The company represents larger changes in the industry. Other startups are also focusing on furniture rental, though not always for sustainability reasons. Even Ikea is shifting to a circular model, recognizing that it’s necessary for it to reach its climate goals, and beginning to experiment with furniture rental and repair. 
Source: https://www.fastcompany.com

02 NEW MATERIAL

2.1 Turning Fibrous Waste from Palm Oil into New Material
Bosnian designer Nataša Perković recycled the fibrous waste from palm oil factories to create the Reclaimed Oil Palm collection, which was made using as little material as possible. Comprising a 3D-printed, stackable chair, three plates and a pendant lamp, the collection was developed in a bid to turn the by-products of the palm oil industry from an “environmental nuisance” into a sustainable material.
Source: dezeen
A mixture of high-tech and low-tech production methods were used when creating the products in order to demonstrate the diversity of the material. The high-tech approach was used to create the chair, which involved blending oil palm tree fibre micro powder with polylactic acid (PLA) – a bioplastic made from lactic acid – to form a new composite material. This composite can then be made into filament for 3D printing, or alternatively as pellets for injection moulding. If produced on an industrial scale, the chair would be made using injection moulding. Perković’s model adopted the 3D printing method.
Low-tech production methods were used to demonstrate how the waste material could be used to create household objects like bowls, plates and lamps. Perković and her team experimented with traditional paper-making and compression moulding techniques to create the items: soaking, boiling, beating and then finely shredding the oil palm fibre. According to the designer, this low-tech process of repurposing waste oil palm fibre using basic kitchen equipment and minimal energy could be adopted in developing countries using other cellulose waste fibres such as wood or bamboo.
Source: www.dezeen.com
2.2 Wool for PPE Masks
图源: printed electronics world
A company from New Zealand is working to develop a biodegradable face mask made of wool, to protect users against COVID-19. The company, Lincoln Agritech, is a research and development company owned by Lincoln University. The research will use newly-developed technology that completely changes the physical form of the wool fibre, creating light and paper-like membranes that look and feel much more like the PPE masks we typically see mass-produced. Dr Kelly, the new materials group manager at Lincoln Agritech, said wool was an ideal material for the filtration and binding needed to develop PPE, but its coarse structure could present limitations.

It will go towards an 18-month research programme that uses patented technology from the Wool Research Organisation (WRONZ) to change the physical format of the fibre and improve its absorption and virus-neutralising properties. The masks would be both highly effective and environmentally sustainable. The new format also enhanced the absorbency and binding properties of wool, making the fibre even more suitable for PPE use.

Source: www.msn.com

2.3 Cement-free Alternative to Conventional Concrete

Concrete is a vital cog in modern infrastructure projects. While it may have become indispensable to major developments, concrete also has a significant impact on the environment. Concrete is made by combining water, a material like sand or crushed gravel – known as aggregate – and, importantly, cement, and it’s this component that has a considerable environmental impact. According to a 2018 report from Chatham House, over 4 billion metric tons of cement are produced annually. This, according to the policy institute, accounts “for around 8 percent of global CO2 emissions.”

Source：Jung Getty
 Around the world, efforts are being made to develop new techniques and processes to reduce the environmental effects of our reliance on concrete: 
Earlier this month an Australian firm, Boral, announced the launch of a five-year partnership with the University of Technology Sydney (UTS). The company stated this partnership would look to “accelerate product innovation and the research, development, and commercialisation of low carbon concrete.” 
A Netherlands-based firm says its “WasteBasedBricks” are produced “from a minimum of 60% waste” and “suitable for interiors and exteriors.” 
Source：DB Group
In the U.K., the DB Group has developed Cemfree, which it describes as a “totally cement-free alternative to conventional concrete.” To date, the material has been used in a number of settings, including part of the M25, a major motorway in the south of England.
Another firm working in the area of sustainable building products is Kenoteq, a start-up spun out from research carried out at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. The firm has developed a brick produced from what it describes as “90% recycled construction and demolition waste.
Source: www.cnbc.com

03 CLEAN TECHNOLOGY

3.1 An Israeli start-up Turning Harmful Wastewater into Renewable Energy

Seeking to bring the field of wastewater treatment into the 21st century, and to embrace the popularity of circular economy technologies, Shfar’am-based AgRobics has developed a new “bio-stabilizer” technology that both improves wastewater treatment and collects biogas for energy production from the microorganism-rich waste.

Source: AGROBICS
 The start-up’s patented technology, backed by national water company Mekorot, features a combination of ancient bacteria and modern engineering. Archaea, some of the earliest forms of anaerobic life on the planet, are attached to a new type of reactor.
When wastewater is transported through the reactor, the bacteria swallows up the pollutants, cleans the water, and excretes “valuable biogas” that can be harnessed to produce renewable energy. The technology has been successfully tested at wastewater treatment sites in Karmiel and Netufa, and at a food plant in southern Israel.
While the solution could be of vital importance for industry and municipalities in developed countries, Prof. Sabbah, co-founder of AgRobics, emphasizes the potential of the circular economy approach for developing nations. “With AgRobics, communities can have reused water – and fertilizer – for agriculture, and clean energy for the residents to use.”
Source:www.jpost.com

04 TECHNOLOGY FOR GOOD

4.1 The Future of Philanthropy Lies in Blockchain Technology
The past decade has produced an eruption in diverse giving channels and options for donating, changing the patterns of how people give. According to Blackbaud, online giving has shown steady increases, growing from 6.4% of all giving in 2013 to 8.5% in 2018. Hundreds of millions of dollars in cryptocurrencies have been donated as well, with notable donations including over $100 million to Fidelity Charitable, $29 million to DonorsChoose, $4 million to The Ellen Degeneres Wildlife Fund and many more.
Source：coindesk.com
From industry startups designing programs that make donating cryptocurrency easier, to charities being more receptive to actually taking those donations, there is a general consensus that the future of philanthropic cryptocurrency ventures is a bright one.
Up until now, cryptocurrencies have been used in numerous ways to support charities and giving, including the launch of The Pineapple Fund, an anonymous fund that was able to rally over $55 million in Bitcoin that was then donated to charities. Recent studies about Bitcoin within the charity sector also reflect that cryptocurrency donations represent 1%–5% of the payment methods used for charitable donations, with over 100% growth in some countries, according to Funraise and Nonprofit Tech for Good’s 2019 “Global NGO Technology Report.”
Source：cointelegraph.com
The most recent real-life use case for cryptocurrencies and charitable donations came in early January when the COVID-19 pandemic saw nations and communities facing shortages of personal protective equipment and medical support and having an overall need for immediate assistance.
The Stellar Development Foundation launched a program to match donations given in Stellar Lumens (XLM), which was powered by Stellar-based Lumenthropy, a fundraiser that supports charitable organizations. Additionally, The Giving Block announced the start of the #CryptoCOVID19 alliance, and Paxful launched the “Africa Fund” to ensure PPE, supplies, water and other necessities were provided to communities throughout Africa.
By further incorporating both blockchain technology and cryptocurrency donations into the philanthropy sector, we will see various improvements, from the ability to track how a charity is actually using its donations if completed on the blockchain to adding another level of transparency helping to source out corruption.
Source: cointelegraph.com
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TECH + TREND | 你听说过这些循环经济的多维应用吗？

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01 循环经济

1.1 可持续锂电池存储生态系统

疫情过后，在“更好地重建”的尝试过程中，可再生能源是一块重要的基石。但是由于其间歇性，可再生能源技术需要电池存储的支持，以便在没有太阳光和风时仍然可以供能。电池存储至关重要，然而，传统上使用的锂离子或铅酸电池通常被焊接或胶合在一起，使得单个组件难以更换。如果其中一部分发生故障，通常只能将整个电池扔掉，这往往会耗尽其80％的潜在寿命。将循环经济模式应用在锂电池的生产上可以获得很多好处。在回收前维修，重新组装和重新利用电池组中的组件，以维护电池取代更换，进而减少浪费和成本。

图源：energy-storage.news
此外，循环经济电池还可以支持绿色就业。英国总理 Rishi Sunak 最近呼吁进行“绿色就业革命”，以带动该国的经济复苏。比如，采用如同汽车维修厂培训技师的方式来培训电池修理专家，将支持以能源和清洁技术为中心的熟练就业市场的增长。
 
通过利用诸如循环经济电池之类的创新解决方案，我们可以支持能源工业的创建。该工业将提供易获取、清洁和可靠的能源，支持创造绿色工作机会，并且不会加剧未来的浪费。
 
资料来源: www.energy-storage.news
1.2 家具公司设计可出租和重复使用的沙发
图源: Sustainability Google
在美国，每年大约有1200万吨的家具被填埋。一家名为 Feather 的初创企业希望通过转移所有权来改变这一现状：他们不出售家具，而是出租家具。当有人搬家或想要替换沙发时，他们可以将其寄回，公司将清洁和修理家具并出租给别人。
公司所有的产品都被设计的尽可能耐用，并且易于清洁或维修。例如，采用天然的表面处理而非有光泽的亮面，这样可以方便打磨划痕。有些组件使用了粉末涂料，这样便可以轻易的对其进行修补。其它循环经济设计应用的例子还包括：使用易于更换的定制织物罩，易储存且适用于不同型号的沙发腿，以及由回收 PET 瓶制成的便于清洁的地毯。
这家初创公司代表了家具行业中发生的变化。尽管并非都是出于可持续发展的原因，有很多其它初创公司也开始专注于家具租赁。意识到其必须实现的气候目标，宜家也开始朝循环模式转变，并开始尝试家具租赁和维修服务。
资料来源: https://www.fastcompany.com

02 新型材料

2.1 将棕榈油中的纤维废料转变为新材料
波斯尼亚设计师 Nataša Perković 回收了棕榈油工厂的纤维废料，制作了再生油棕榈系列产品，该系列产品使用了尽可能少量的材料。该系列包括 3D 打印的可堆叠椅子，三个盘子和一个吊灯，其开发目的是将棕榈油产生的副产品从“环境损害”转变为可持续的材料。
图源: dezeen
在生产过程中，他们混合使用高科技和低技术生产方式，以证明材料的多样性。椅子采用高科技方法制作，将油棕树纤维微粉与聚乳酸（PLA）（一种由乳酸制成的生物塑料）混合成新的复合材料。该复合材料可以制成用于 3D 打印的长丝，或者用于制成注塑成型所需的颗粒。如需工业化规模量产，椅子将使用注塑成型的方式来制造。Perković 的这个系列采用了 3D 打印的制造方式。
低技术生产方式展示了如何将废料用于制造家用物品，例如碗，盘子和灯。Perković 和她的团队尝试了传统的造纸和压模技术来制作物品：浸泡，煮沸，打浆，然后将油棕纤维切碎。根据设计师的说法，这种使用基础厨房设备和最少能源的重新利用废油棕榈纤维的低科技工艺，可以在使用其他纤维素废纤维（例如木材或竹子）的发展中国家被采用
资料来源: www.dezeen.com
2.2 可适用于制作 PPE 口罩的羊毛
图源: printed electronics world
新西兰的一家公司正在努力开发一种由羊毛制成的可生物降解的口罩，以保护用户免受 COVID-19 的侵害。林肯农业技术公司（Lincoln Agritech）是林肯大学（Lincoln University）所有的研发公司。这项研究将使用最新开发的技术，该技术将完全改变羊毛纤维的物理形态，产生看起来像轻薄的纸状膜，其外观和感觉更像我们通常看到的 PPE 口罩。林肯农业技术公司新材料部门经理凯利博士说，羊毛是开发 PPE 所需的过滤和粘合的理想材料，但其粗大结构可能会带来局限性。
他们将进行为期18个月的研究计划，该计划将使用羊毛研究组织（WRONZ）的专利技术来改变纤维的物理形态，并改善其吸收和病毒中和特性。这些口罩既高效又环保。新一代增强了羊毛的吸收性和粘合性，使纤维更适合 PPE 使用。
资料来源: www.msn.com
2.3 常规混凝土的无水泥替代品
图源：Jung Getty
在现代基础设施项目中，混凝土是至关重要的齿轮。尽管混凝土是重大发展中不可缺的一环，混凝土对环境却有着极大的负面影响。
混凝土是通过将水，沙子或碎石之类的材料与水泥混合在一起而制成的，正是这种成分对环境造成了很大影响。根据 Chatham House（英国非盈利组织）2018年的报告，每年有超过40亿吨的水泥被生产出来。根据政策研究所的说法，这占“全球二氧化碳排放量的大约8％”。
全球范围内，人们正在努力开发新的技术和方法来减少人类对混凝土的依赖，从而减少其对环境的影响。本月初，澳大利亚公司 Boral 宣布与悉尼科技大学（UTS）建立为期五年的合作关系。该公司表示，这种合作关系将“加速产品创新以及低碳混凝土的研究，开发和商业化”。
图源：DB Group
一家位于荷兰的公司则表示，他们的“WasteBasedBricks”使用了至少60％的废物来进行生产，并且适用于室内和室外。
在英国，DB Group 开发了 Cemfree，它被描述为“完全没有水泥的传统混凝土替代品”。迄今为止，该材料已在多种环境中使用，包括英格兰南部主要高速公路 M25 的一部分。
另一家从事可持续建筑产品领域的公司是 Kenoteq，这是一家在爱丁堡赫瑞瓦特大学 (Heriot-Watt University) 进行的研究中衍生出来的初创公司。该公司开发了一种砖块，该砖块是用90％的可回收建筑和拆除废物制成的。
资料来源: www.cnbc.com

03 清洁能源及相关技术

3.1 将有害废水转化为可再生能源
图源: AGROBICS
目的将循环经济技术结合到废水处理领域中，总部位于 Shfar’am 的 AgRobics 开发了一种新的“生物稳定剂”技术，该技术既可以改善废水处理，又可以从富含微生物的废弃物中收集沼气并产出能源。
这家初创企业的专利技术得到了国家自来水公司 Mekorot 的支持，他们将地球上一些最古老的厌氧生命形式 – 古细菌，连接到新型反应器上。是古老细菌和现代工程技术的一种完美结合。
当废水通过反应器输送时，细菌会吞下污染物，净化水质，并排出可用来再生能源的“有价沼气”。这项技术已经在 Karmiel 和 Netufa 的废水处理厂以及以色列南部的一家食品厂成功进行了测试。
尽管该解决方案对发达国家的工业和市政机构至关重要，但 AgRobics 的联合创始人萨巴赫教授强调了循环经济更可以为发展中国家带来发展潜力：“有了 AgRobics，社区可以将再生水和肥料用于农业发展，并有清洁能源供居民使用。”
资料来源：www.jppost.com

04 科技向善

4.1 区块链支持未来慈善事业发展
图源：coindesk.com
在过去的十年中，各种各样的捐赠渠道和捐赠方式层出不穷，进而改变了人们的捐赠习惯。依 Blackbaud 统计，在线捐赠呈现稳定增长状态，总捐赠从2013年的6.4％增长到2018年的8.5％。数亿美元的加密货币也被用于捐赠，其中包括捐赠给 Fidelity Charitable 的1亿多美元，DonorsChoose 的2900万美元，和 Ellen Degeneres Wildlife Fund 的400万美元。
从初创公司开始设计更便捷的数字捐赠货币程序，到慈善机构对数字捐赠的接受度慢慢提升，我们可以认为，慈善数字货币企业的未来是光明的。
到目前为止，加密货币已经以多种方式用于支持慈善事业和捐赠，包括推出了 The Pineapple Fun 这个匿名基金。它募集了超过5500万美元的比特币，然后将其捐赠给慈善机构。Funraise 和 Nonprofit Tech for Good 的2019年“全球 NGO 技术报告”显示，最近在慈善领域内有关比特币的研究反映出，加密货币捐赠占慈善捐赠付款方式的1％–5％，在某些国家/地区的增长甚至高达100％以上。
图源：cointelegraph.com
在加密货币和慈善捐赠的最新实际使用案例是在2020年1月初，当时 COVID-19 大流行使各个国家和社区面临个人防护设备和医疗支持的短缺，并且需要即时援助。
The Stellar Development Foundation 启动了一项计划，捐赠与 Stellar Lumens (XLM) 所幕款项同金额的捐款，该计划由位于 Stellar 的 Lumenthropy（一个支持慈善机构的募款组织）提供支持。此外，Giving Block 宣布开始＃CryptoCOVID19 联盟，Paxful 也发起了“非洲基金”向全非洲的社区提供个人防护设备，用品，水和其他必需品。
如果慈善捐款能够在区块链上完成，那么我们就能更好地追踪每一笔捐款的去向，从而提升整个系统的透明度，减少腐败的发生。
资料来源: cointelegraph.com